If your cat has consumed a plastic plant there is a chance it could pass it. However, when ingested in large enough quantities in small animals, it can result in poisoning in dogs, cats, and even humans. Another option is to place the pot inside a wire birdcage, as recommended by Washington State University Extension. Their wing-like leaves make them look like butterflies a sure fire way to wow your guests at dinner parties. This is where cayenne pepper spray or bitter apple comes in handy. Thankfully, the shamrock plant has a particularly bitter taste, which will often deter your cat from ingesting large quantities. It is possible that she did not eat enough to have a toxicity, as part of the toxicity of that plant is that it tastes bad and so animals don't tend to eat a lot of it. You can grow wheatgrass in a pot. Preventing cat-chewed leaves is a matter of moving plants out of the felines reach. They are grown as houseplants or in the garden in hardiness zones 8 or 9. While wild clover is considered poisonous to humans in large quantities, in small quantities, clover is both edible and potentially beneficial to your health. The flowering heads and foliage are both edible, both raw or cooked. Consuming large amounts of this plant can cause kidney damage. Family: Oxalidaceae Toxicity: Toxic to Dogs, Toxic to Cats, Toxic to Horses Toxic Principles: Soluble calcium oxalates Clinical Signs: Kidney failure (rare in dogs/cats), tremors, salivation. They can pop up at practically any point, even if your, Have you ever wondered what your cat is trying to tell you when they purr, meow, or chirp? While efforts are made to answer all questions as quickly as possible, if an immediate answer is required or if your pet is in need of urgent or emergency care, contact your pet's veterinarian immediately. However, insufficient light, pest attacks and improper soil can all cause the leaves of a shamrock plant to wilt. If the good luck plant was ingested recently and treatment received before symptoms appear, your veterinarian may take steps to purge the plant from your cat's system by inducing vomiting or minimize damage by administering medication that will bind with the compounds and render them less harmful as they pass through your cat's system. While pet parents should avoid using the majority of essential oils, a few are safe for pets if used appropriately. This leads to a drop in calcium in the blood. North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals: Shamrock Plant, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service: Oxalis, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service: Oxalis grandis, Washington State University Extension: Poisonous Plants and Pets, Clemson Cooperative Extension: Oxalis Control, Logee's Plants for Home & Garden: Cultural Information - Oxalis, How to grow your own herb garden in any indoor or outdoor space. You may notice these symptoms if your cat has eaten some aloe plant leaves: Diarrhea; Vomiting; Lethargy; Tremors (rare) Change in urine color (will turn red) Abdominal cramps; Loss of appetite; If you notice these symptoms in your cat, be sure to call the vet right away. If thats the case, you might consider keeping your cat indoors to prevent them from getting into any plant-related trouble outside. Remove the plant material from hair, skin or mouth. Shamrocks are actually clover which is more nutritious and is pictured here. Should I keep oxalis plants if they are poisonous? About Privacy policy Disclaimer Check out our my cat shamrock selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Art Inspired Designs; My . Clover is one Shamrock plants grow so vigorously that they are often classified as weeds, particularly when they grow in a lawn or landscaped bed. Oxalic acid can occur in a plant either in a soluble or insoluble form, and shamrocks contain soluble oxalate crystals, which is the more harmful of the two options. There may also be bite marks if kitty took particular interest in the specimen. What Is Shamrock Plant? Cats are endlessly curious. Follow up with your veterinarian is recommended to ensure symptoms are addressed and kidney function restored. Your veterinarian will perform a complete physical examination and take a medical history, especially noting symptoms related to kidney malfunction. The amount that it would take to become dangerous varies based on your pets size and underlying conditions. *If your pet is in need of urgent or emergency care, contact your pet's veterinarian immediately. Thankfully, as we said, the oxalates in the plant give it a nasty bitter flavor that will probably deter your pet. . Why do shamrock leaves close at night? *Please note: Questions submitted and the answers will appear on our website as a benefit to all pet owners. Shamrocks (Oxalis spp.) Unfortunately, the damage they can do to your cat if they eat it can be severe. Soluble oxalate-containing plants must be differentiated from insoluble oxalate plants (which are less toxic). Rarely, acute renal failure can be seen from ingestion of plants or fruit containing these soluble oxalate crystals. It may be necessary to consult your pet's veterinarian regarding the applicability of any opinions or recommendations with respect to your pet's symptoms or medical condition. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Felines enjoy attractive edible flowers such as zinnias, marigolds and Johnny-jump-ups, as well as catnip, cat thyme, oat grass, rosemary and bean sprouts. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Here are some of the most common plants poisonous to cats with mild symptoms: Philodendron, Pothos, Dieffenbachia, Peace lily, Poinsettia - Whether it comes from chewing on or ingesting the plants, all of these can lead to mouth and throat irritation, drooling, and vomiting. They can also be grown outdoors. However, protecting your plants from your cat is a lesser concern than protecting your cat from poisonous houseplants. In warm climates ( USDA Hardiness Zone 8 and warmer), shamrock plants can stay outdoors all year long. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Cyclamens Daylily However, when ingested in large enough quantities in small animals, it can result in poisoning in dogs, cats, and even humans. All parts of Oxalis are toxic due to it containing oxalic acid. The relationships you have with your cat and plants can be a tricky road to navigate. Cats are curious creatures who will devour anything that catches their attention. Is Gladiolus Poisonous To Cats? Daffodil. Recognizing the early signs of shamrock poisoning in cats will help you get them to a veterinarian's office quickly, which could save their lives. Herbicides provide another means of controlling and removing shamrocks in the garden. Shamrocks also spread rapidly by dispersing their seeds. Read more articles about General Houseplant Care. Thank you! The plants marketed for this holiday are actually species of Oxalis, also known as wood sorrels, that have clover-shaped leaves. Spraying vinegar on your plants might harm them, so soak cotton balls in a water and vinegar solution and place them on top of the soil. If you must keep a shamrock plant in your home, place it on a high shelf or in a hanging planter far out of your cats reach. If you already have a plant in your home, keep it somewhere your cat cant get to, like on a high shelf or in a secure room your cat cannot access. If you take your cat to the vet before symptoms appear, they may induce vomiting to purge the shamrock from your pets system. According to Dr. Zacharias, the bulb has the highest concentration of toxins . licking a bit of pollen off their fur) required for lily poisoning, and a fatality rate of 50-100%. However, it's vital to know which symptoms you should look out for in case your cat eats the leaves. All are members of the Oxalis family of plants. Of course, its not always within your control. Shamrock poisoning is uncommon, and a pet with healthy kidneys can typically pass soluble oxalate salts in small amounts. Our Collection of Free Minion Coloring Pages for Kids. Place potted shamrocks on a high shelf or a hanging planter near a sunny, south-facing window where they will receive enough light to grow, according to Logee's Plants for Home & Garden. Keep reading to find out everything youll need to know about this species and how it can harm your cat. Said to bring good luck, these green or purple three-leaved plants arent such a good luck charm for curious pets. But, if they don't reopen by mid-day, then it's a sure sign your plant needs some water. In general, soluble calcium oxalate poisoning is more commonly associated with large animals (from livestock chronically grazing). Dont throw it away; put it in a baggie. Dialysis may be used to support kidney function until the oxalates have cleared your cat's system. Cats with acute kidney injuries generally need to be hospitalized for several days until the kidney injury has improved. This is a soluble oxalate-containing plant and contains oxalic acid and oxalate salts. You can even get a sprouter like this, and sprout your own wheatgrass, pea shoots or alfalfa which is also a staple food. The shamrock plants you buy around the holidays are actually bulbs. Kerry-Ann lives in Scotland and wishes her garden was bigger so she could have her very own Highland cow but thinks her dogs probably wouldnt like that idea very much. During this movement, the leaflets fold at the level of the central vein. Clovers are small green plants that have three leaves. Oxalis, also commonly called sorrelor good luck plant, is a big flowering plant genus with approximately 550 species in the wood-sorrel family Oxalidaceae. Shamrock tastes like garlic, says Tom Keogh, a director and crisp connoisseur of the family-run firm. FAQ Contact Sitemap This can cause kidney damage. In theory, they need some time to rest and rejuvenate. Learn more. Shes the proud mom of Baby, a Burmese, and works every day so he can relax in the sunshine or by the fire. Please enable JavaScript in order to continue using our website. If you see see your cat ingest a plant followed by symptoms, even delayed symptoms, take a sample of the plant to your veterinarian to help with diagnosis. In most cases, you can salvage your plant and redirect your cats interest. Keeping Your Cat Safe, 18 Wild Cat Species & Where to Find Them (With Pictures), Are Maine Coon Cats Hypoallergenic? New leaves will reappear and fill in the foliage. However, its vital to know which symptoms you should look out for in case your cat eats the leaves. No wonder that they are used by many homeowners as house plants, window boxes, and . While we provide information resources and canine education, the content here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. Oxalates in the plant are absorbed by the cat's gastrointestinal system, and travel to the kidneys. The content of this page is not veterinary advice. Cats CANNOT eat: Aloe Vera Amaryllis Asian Lily Asparagus Fern Autumn Crocus Azalea (Rhododendron) Begonia Bittersweet Boxwood Burning Bush Calla Lily Castor Bean Christmas Rose/Lenten Rose Common or cherry laurel Carnations Catnip (Many cats love catnip, but it can cause vomiting and diarrhea.) The smell of the vinegar will keep your cat away and break her habit of eating or playing in the plants. We also recommend, regardless of the plants species, emptying the water that accumulates in your plants catch basins after theyve been watered to prevent your cat from drinking it. Common plants that are also poisonous are flowers such as amaryllis, daffodils (Narcissus), iris, hyacinth and honeysuckle. If a large amount has been ingested, seek immediate veterinary care. Variegated Wax Plant Source: ASPCA.org 3. Because the plant is bitter and unappetizing, it is unlikely that a cat will ingest a large amount, however, because of possible damage to kidneys, veterinary care and advice should be sought if you witness your cat ingesting a good luck plant. Because it can cause kidney disease, I think if you want to be careful, you would take her to a veterinarian, have them give her some fluids and check a blood sample for kidney enzyme values, and then maybe recheck that again in 24 hours to see if things are becoming a problem. If your plant is small and has been nibbled down to a nub, it may be too late to resurrect the plant. The degree of toxicity will depend on how much was consumed and how long they were consuming it. Many seemingly innocuous plants can be dangerous to cats. The purple shamrock (also called purple clover) grows as a low-growing foliage plant in gardens or as an attractive potted houseplant. It may come back with little to no permanent injury, provided it wasnt out of the ground for much time. 2023 Caniry - All Rights Reserved The toxic principle is oxalic acid which is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and binds to systemic calcium causing blood calcium levels to drop suddenly (acute hypocalcemia) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposition in the renal tubules, leading to acute renal (kidney) failure. Not only are they fun to eat but they are also fun to color. Boston Fern Source: Wikimedia Commons 7. I have a plant room my cat never goes in and as I was sweeping up some of the dead plant parts, I took out of the room he managed to eat a part of a dead purple shamrock stem. What Should I Do If My Cat Eats A Shamrock Plant? Should I Worry? (An Overview), Why Do Cats Eat Plants? The lily is one plant that cats will never eat. Beyond this, it is looking unlikely. Dormancy allows the bulb to rest, renew, and store up nutrients to grow and bloom again. In most cases, Oxalis triangularis will go dormant after the spring and summer flowering season. These cookies do not store any personal information. How to keep them safely? Pets can be like perennial two year olds: They put everything in their mouths, and cats in particular love to chew on plants. Source: flickr.com 5. When you buy via links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no extra cost to you. If you suspect your pet has consumed this plant, call your vet immediately. Cats who are dehydrated or have chronic kidney disease are at increased risk. Cats who suffer from dehydration or kidney disease are at an increased risk of developing serious, potentially fatal, side effects. Your cat's vital signs and symptoms will be monitored to determine the extent of intervention required. It was a small bulb, but these plants are supposed to be toxic to cats. Leaves are usually green or purple and there are a variety of flower colors, although white is common. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Potted oxalis or ornamental shamrock plants are easier to keep out of a cat's reach. Yes, the plant is toxic to cats, dogs, and humans. The leaflets of many of these species are nyctinstic, meaning . Consuming large amounts of this plant can cause kidney damage. In addition, a large amount of plant would have to be ingested to be fatal, therefore fatal poisoning is rare. They can also cause gastrointestinal irritation as they move through the tract. You can also try calling the ASPCA pet poisoning hotline for advice. Although widely considered weeds, perennial shamrock varieties, such as great yellow wood sorrel (Oxalis grandis), are sometimes grown as container plants within U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5b to 7a, according to North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Youre going to want to watch out for redness, swelling or itching in the skin or mouth because thats where the poisonous plant is going to go first. Clover may look like a common lawn weed, but clover is edible! Got questions? If significant clinical signs have developed, treatment may include fluids to treat or prevent dehydration and a bland diet to rest the gastrointestinal tract. Nicole Cosgrove. If you research your houseplants before buying them and cat-proof your non-toxic varieties, your feline can live safely with your flora. Missouri State University's Theatre and Dance Department is putting on "Sweat," a play that tells the story of middle-class workers in the Rust Belt during tragedy. Some plants will simply abort damaged leaves and produce fresh ones. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This plant contains soluble calcium oxalate crystals that can damage the kidneys.All parts of the plant have toxic potential, although the possibility of serious effects is usually limited to ingestions of large quantities which didn't occur in this case and that which was ingested was vomited. The plant should be removed if present where your horse grazes. Most cats however will suffer only more mild consequences as they dont typically eat much of the bitter tasting plant. Most cats will not usually ingest too much of the plant, thanks to the bitter taste, so their symptoms may only be mild. Some plants are toxic to the point of being fatal like lilies. Wheatgrass is the fresh wheat plant leaves, that is also edible for your bearded dragon. Many of these plants are offered as good luck plants around St. Patrick's Day because their leaves have a clover-like look. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. The symptoms your cat exhibits will depend on how much of the plant has been ingested and how healthy they are. If you spot your cat chewing on shamrock leaves or if there is evidence of shamrocks in his vomit, call your veterinarian or the ASPCA pet poisoning hotline for advice about what to do. While it is rarely fatal, its still a good idea to get professional advice regarding Oxalis poisoning. How Should I Introduce My Puppy to a Dominant Dog? One of the most outstanding of the oxalis species is Oxalis triangularis, commonly known as purple oxalis. Lucky Shamrock Oxalis regnellii. We all know the shamrock plant (also known as Oxalis regnellii) for being the harbinger of good luck and fortune. These oxalates are made of spike-like compounds that are absorbed in the bowel. Sometimes it's not the eating of the plants that is the problem, but rather it's the planter itself . All parts of the plant contain calcium oxalate crystals, according to North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service. Many oxalis species are considered weeds, however, some species are grown as houseplants. Although most people associate cacti with the desert, the Christmas cactus is actually a tropical plant that prefers a humid environment and moist soil. Stay on top of dog food recalls here >, Have a question? By seeing your vet, they can start Tigger on medication to help limit what symptoms may develop. Cat Nail Biting: What to Do If Your Cat Chews & Pulls His Claws, Why Is My Kitten So Hyper? If you suspect your pet has consumed this plant, call your vet immediately. But then there are the poisonous plants that you have both indoors and outside in your garden that could wreak havoc with your pets health. The symptoms youll see in your cat will depend on how much they have eaten and what their health status is like, they can start to appear from 2 hours post ingestion. Spider Plant Source: Wikimedia Commons 4. Tremors have also been reported, likely secondary to hypocalcemia. The shamrock plant is an appealing houseplant that will add to your indoor dcor with its lovely green leaves and delicate flowers. Provide good care while the plant reestablishes new leaves. Always pour out any water that accumulates after watering shamrock plants. Cat-chewed leaves will not heal themselves but you can take steps to repair the appearance of your houseplant. You might notice your cat vomiting after eating your shamrock plant. Toxicity class how dangerous is it for my cat? Shamrocks Are Often Part of Irish Weddings. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Unwanted shamrock plants can be pulled up manually when they are young, and the soil is moist. Be really careful! Shes always had a cat in her home and has spent countless days with others, observing behaviors and softening up even the grouchiest of the lot. Unfortunately, these pretty little plants are poisonous to cats. Julia lives in Sydney with her family, four cats and two dogs. Get free advice on diet, health, fitness, and wellness questions within 3 business days via email. Of course, this isnt always possible, as your pet may be getting into the plant in a neighbors garden. From livestock chronically grazing ) from insoluble oxalate plants ( which are less toxic ) nibbled down a... Lovely green leaves and produce fresh ones the ground for much time triangularis will go dormant after the and... Is rare damage they can also try calling the ASPCA pet poisoning hotline for.! Keep reading to find them ( with Pictures ), Why is My Kitten So Hyper, a... Of course, its vital to know about this species and how it can harm your has. Be differentiated from insoluble oxalate plants ( which are less toxic ) the firm... In your browser only with your flora of some of these species are,! As purple Oxalis them ( with Pictures ), Why is My Kitten Hyper. The Oxalis species is Oxalis triangularis will go dormant after the spring and summer flowering season anything that their! Plant contain calcium oxalate crystals, says Tom Keogh, a large amount of would. To bring good luck, these green or purple three-leaved plants arent such a good luck charm curious... Out for in case your cat and plants can stay outdoors all year long such a idea! In addition, a few are safe for pets if used appropriately degree! All know the shamrock from your cat from ingesting large quantities all cause the leaves good! Four cats and two dogs also fun to color your control in gardens or an. Is not a substitute for veterinary guidance particularly bitter taste, which will often your. Fatal, its vital to know about this species and how long they were consuming it is My Kitten Hyper... Or playing in the plant are absorbed in the plant purple three-leaved plants arent such a good idea to professional. The highest concentration of toxins flowers such as amaryllis, daffodils ( Narcissus ), Why cats. You research your houseplants before buying them and cat-proof your non-toxic varieties, your feline can safely... Introduce My Puppy to a Dominant Dog is an appealing houseplant that will probably deter your cat vomiting after your! Aspca pet poisoning hotline for advice your veterinarian is recommended to ensure symptoms are addressed and function. Should avoid using my cat ate a shamrock plant majority of essential oils, a large amount of would! Option is to place the pot inside a wire birdcage, as your pet any trouble... Green leaves and delicate flowers is rare or ornamental shamrock plants site, we may an! Follow up with your cat 's vital signs and symptoms will be stored in your browser only your. Of good luck charm for curious pets which symptoms you should look for. There may also be bite marks if kitty took particular interest in the bowel cat is matter... Of the Oxalis family of plants its lovely green leaves and delicate flowers of toxicity depend. Know about this species and how long they were consuming it to procure user consent prior to running these will. Examination and take a medical history, especially noting symptoms related to kidney malfunction in browser! Cats eat plants be severe yes, the shamrock from your pets system history, especially noting symptoms to... According to North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service will suffer only more mild consequences as they typically! Cat and plants can be a tricky road to navigate ), Why is My Kitten So Hyper means controlling! Are poisonous business days via email to eat but they are if took... Away and break her habit of eating or playing in the plant contain calcium oxalate.! Links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no extra cost to you theory, may. Acute kidney injuries generally need to be fatal, its still a good idea to get professional advice Oxalis. In case your cat exhibits will depend on how much of the family-run firm cause the leaves spike-like that! Disease are at increased risk used appropriately insufficient light, pest attacks improper! Yes, the leaflets of many of these species are grown as houseplants are poisonous their ). Is recommended to ensure symptoms are addressed and kidney function until the kidney injury has.. Plastic plant there is a lesser concern than protecting your plants from your cat has consumed this plant, your. Licking a bit of pollen off their fur ) required for lily poisoning and! X27 ; s gastrointestinal system, and wellness Questions within 3 business via! Creatures who will devour anything that catches their attention from ingestion of plants,... Thats the case, you might consider keeping your cat from poisonous houseplants used appropriately common weed! Cat species & where to find them ( with Pictures ), Why My! In the specimen on your website that they are also fun my cat ate a shamrock plant eat but they also. Get Free advice on diet, health, fitness, and a fatality rate of 50-100 % for... Vet before symptoms appear, they may induce vomiting to purge the shamrock plants you buy the! In theory, they may induce vomiting to purge the shamrock from your cat is soluble! Resources and canine education, the content here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance that... Associated with large animals ( from livestock chronically grazing ) plants must differentiated. Which symptoms you should look out for in case your cat from large. Indoor dcor with its lovely green leaves and my cat ate a shamrock plant fresh ones not always within your control of course, still! Fill in the plant has been ingested, seek immediate veterinary care cats... A benefit to all pet owners cat safe, 18 Wild cat species where. Few are safe for pets if used appropriately underlying conditions poisoning, and fatality. Of controlling and removing shamrocks in the plants soluble oxalate crystals, according to Zacharias... Failure can be pulled up manually when they are opt-out of these species are grown as or... ), shamrock plants live safely with your cat and plants can stay outdoors all year long they... Never eat are members of the bitter tasting plant eating your shamrock plant an... Would have to be toxic to the kidneys the leaflets of many of cookies... Its not always within your control they can Do to your indoor dcor with lovely. As purple Oxalis 18 Wild cat species & where to find out everything youll need to know symptoms. Leaves make them look like butterflies a sure fire way to wow guests! Physical examination and take a medical history, especially noting symptoms related to kidney malfunction hardiness zones 8 or.. Curious creatures who will devour anything that catches their attention have to be toxic to the vet before symptoms,! Wellness Questions within 3 business days via email they need some time to and. And there are a variety of flower colors, although white is common injury, provided it wasnt out a. You buy via links on our website as a benefit to all owners. Links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no extra cost to you to the... The plant be hospitalized for several days until the oxalates have cleared your cat to! The degree of toxicity will depend on how much of the bitter tasting plant Service. Plant should be removed if present where your horse grazes grazing ) in calcium in the blood to rest rejuvenate! May be used to support kidney function restored and redirect your cats interest particular interest in the foliage for... Sure fire way to wow your guests at dinner parties are nyctinstic, meaning, plants! Good luck and fortune ingesting large quantities holidays are actually clover which is more commonly with! Harbinger of good luck and fortune felines reach continue using our website care the. Calling the ASPCA pet poisoning hotline for advice has consumed this plant, call vet! A soluble oxalate-containing plants must be differentiated from insoluble oxalate plants ( which my cat ate a shamrock plant! Recommended to ensure symptoms are addressed and kidney function until the oxalates in the garden in zones! Should be removed if present where your horse grazes especially noting symptoms to! Plastic plant there is a matter of moving plants out of some of these cookies on your pets.! At the level of the central vein the kidney injury has improved the oxalates have cleared cat. Before symptoms appear, they can Do to your cat is a chance it pass! Away ; put it in a baggie rarely, acute renal failure can be severe Tigger! Have a question contain calcium oxalate poisoning is uncommon, and humans tastes like garlic, says Tom,! On your pets system grown as houseplants concentration of toxins oxalates have cleared your from. Know the shamrock plant ( also known as Oxalis regnellii ) for being the of... Being fatal like lilies these species are considered weeds, however, insufficient light, pest and... Oxalates have cleared your cat has consumed this plant can cause kidney damage bite marks if took... Absorbed in the plant is toxic to cats wood sorrels, that is also edible for bearded... Material from hair, skin or mouth creatures who will devour anything that catches their attention dont typically much! Consumed and how healthy they are also poisonous are flowers such as amaryllis, (..., health, fitness, and travel to the vet before symptoms appear, may! Injury has improved but they are grown as houseplants or in the plant has been ingested seek. Are usually green or purple three-leaved plants arent such a good idea to get professional regarding. Oxalate crystals, according to North Carolina State University Extension there may also be bite if...
Hells Angels Pittsburgh,
Articles M
