After flap deployment, higher pressure air is forced through an air tube which connects to a second flap, deploying it. It will certainly drive some fans away from . [47] The transition was not complete until 1974 and coincided with American manufacturers ending factory support of racing and the 1973 oil crisis. For 2018, the package is being used at Indianapolis, Michigan, and Pocono for the Xfinity Series and in the All-Star Race in the Cup Series. Safety in NASCAR has evolved into one of the biggest concerns in stock car racing's largest sanctioning body. At the end of the day, it's all about making the racing more exciting for the fans, re-engaging the fans in the sport. I know there is al. Pit road safety has become a major focus of NASCAR officials in recent years since the 1990 Atlanta Journal 500, where the rear tire changer for Melling Racing was killed in a pit road crash. Rather, aerodynamic air intake reduction through the use of a 390 cfm carburetor, and eventually a tapered carburetor spacer were implemented for those races. It was 1985 however, that would put Bill Elliott on the map. While Atlanta is generally considered the fastest track, restrictor plates are not mandated there. Just for you newbies, this is how the real men raced Talledega, you know without restrictor plates, without the lucky dog, without the wave around. NR2003, fo' life!!! The arrival of the Next-Gen car in 2022 marks the dawn of a new era for the NASCAR Cup Series. Hang on.". Contemporary Cup engines run 9,800rpm, 87.59 fps (26.95m/s), at the road course events, on Pocono Raceway's long front stretch, and at Martinsville Speedway (a .526-mile short-track). NASCAR requires spotters at all times a car is on the track, including series in practice, qualifying, and the race. DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. (AP) There has been a string of goodbyes at Daytona International Speedway in recent years, from Jeff Gordon and Tony Stewart to Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Danica Patrick. Because of the reduced horsepower of the cars, the cars form large packs. The criticism stems from the reduction in throttle response brought by the restriction. The 2011 Daytona 500 saw a record number of cautions including an early 17-car pile-up. The first flap oriented 140 degrees from the centerline of the car typically deploys first. NASCAR implemented restrictor plates in 1988 after a frightening crash involving Bobby Allison, who flew into the catchfence at Talladega in 1987. However, he doesn't want NASCAR to get the wrong idea and start using restrictor plates for regular races on 1.5-mile ovals, which there are 11 of throughout the 2018 season. [24] NXS cars do, however, continue to use carburetors. NASCAR and Le Mans:NASCAR to enter Hendrick Motorsports in 2023 24 Hours of Le Mans as Garage 56 entry Rowdy's angry AGAIN! One of NASCAR's first series was the Strictly Stock series, which was for late model, unmodified cars. The hope was that slower cars would be less likely to go airborne following Bobby Allison's crash at Talladega in May 1987. Talladega, April 26, 2009. Without the restrictor plates, you start to actually see the variances in power and handling among each car at top speed. This rule was implemented for the Sprint Cup Series, which switched to electronic fuel injection for 2012. The speed limit depends on the size of the track and the size of pit road. NASCAR uses an electronic scoring system, similar to the VASCAR system, to monitor the speeds of cars on pit road by measuring the time it takes to get from checkpoint to checkpoint. In 2008, the Nationwide Series (now known as Xfinity Series) and Truck Series began implementation of tapered spacers in the engines to restrict power compared to Sprint Cup cars at all 35 (NNS) and 25 (NCTS) races. Wallace's top. But since plates were implemented full time at the two tracks in 1988, several drivers have made their mark as restrictor-plate aces. Rusty Wallace tested a car at Talladega Superspeedway without a restrictor plate in 2004, reaching a top speed of 228mph (367km/h) in the backstretch and a one-lap average of 221mph (356km/h). NASCAR will be implementing restrictor plates for an upcoming race. [35][36][37][38], NASCAR will test a hybrid powertrain at the 2023 24 Heures du Mans in the Next Gen car with a smaller engine, per request of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest with a potential of a formula change in 2024.[39]. No they do not, no reason for one. During a series of deaths of several drivers, NASCAR began researching a new, safer car. Jeff Burton led all 300 laps in the ensuing race, despite a 23-car two-abreast battle in the first ten laps, a dramatic charge past 22 cars in 100 laps by John Andretti (who finished seventh), and two charges by Bobby Labonte in the final 50 laps where he took the lead but Burton beat him back to the stripe. This means that the rally version of a car like the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution may have less power than the street version (the "280" hp Evo VII was believed to have more than 300hp, and in some markets the FQ-320, FQ-340, FQ-360, FQ-400 versions were sold, with the number representing the total horsepower). And usually when there's more crashes, there's more conflict. The restrictions are in the interest of driver and fan safety because speeds higher than the 190mph range used for Daytona and Talladega risk cars turning over through sheer aerodynamic forces alone. Some SAFER barriers were installed in 2003 at Richmond, and HomesteadMiami, others in 2004 at Talladega, Daytona (July, before the 2004 Pepsi 400) and other tracks, in 2005 at Dover and at Watkins Glen in 2010. You can't stop quick enough and you're only going 70, you know? The combination of those features increased drag on the cars, counteracting the increased horsepower, keeping the cars close to the speeds they were running prior to the switch to the tapered spacer. "Nobody knows exactly what to expect," Stewart-Haas Racing team co-owner Tony Stewart said. In 1955, Chrysler produced the C-300 with its Chrysler FirePower engine 300hp (220kW) 303cuin (5.0L) OHV engine, which easily won in 1955 and 1956. Following Rusty Wallace's crashes at Daytona and Talladega, Penske Racing designed the original roof flaps. [citation needed] Restrictor plates remain a permanent fixture on the Modifieds and the racing has often broken 20 official lead changes for 100125 laps of competition. When a driver crashes, usually, they take that pack with them. The first use came in 1970 as part of a transition from the seven-liter era (427 cubic-inch) to the six-liter era (358 cubic-inch) engine. Restrictor plates were replaced by tapered spacers in 2019, a similar part that allows for slightly more throttle response but still restricts airflow to the engine. These walls absorb the energy of an impact better than concrete walls, while maintaining integrity better than traditional steel barriers. His car sailed into the catch-fence, spewing debris into the stands. the Group A Lancia Delta HF 4WD had about 250hp in 1987). : Building Speed", "Drivers concerned about impact of reduced horsepower", "NASCAR Unveils Convoluted All-Star Race Format", "NASCAR reportedly considering Sprint Cup engine horsepower reduction in 2015 - MotorSportsTalk", "NASCAR reportedly considering Sprint Cup engine horsepower reduction in 2015", "Horsepower reduction among 2015 rules package changes | NASCAR.com", "NASCAR announces 2019 baseline rules packages | NASCAR.com", "Everything You Need to Know About NASCAR Next Gen", "NASCAR completes two-day test of Next Gen car at Charlotte Roval", "NASCAR Reveals Next Gen Race Car, and We Dive Deep into the Specs", "NASCAR releases upcoming Next Gen testing schedule; announces horsepower package for 2022", "NASCAR to transition to hybrid powertrain by 2024", "What makes NASCAR engines different from street car engines? Try going 180. But even without the cammer, the Ford FE 427 won in 1965. [3] Implemented in a limited schedule in 2007, the car was immediately criticized by the drivers for lack of handling. The top speed was 202.617 mph, hit by Ryan Blaney in the #12 car. At Daytona and Talladega, most races are marred by at least one wreck, usually referred to as "the Big One", as cars rarely become separated. )", "NASCAR.com Rusty Wallace hits 228 mph in Talladega trial June 10, 2004", http://www.catchfence.com/233546/delta-engine-spec-program-on-schedule-for-trucks-in-may#:~:text=Compared%20to%20the%20current%20motor,topped%20out%20at%20650%20HP, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASCAR_engine&oldid=1135780899, This page was last edited on 26 January 2023, at 20:33. [15] The drivers are also instructed to lower the window net after a wreck to signify that they are uninjured. in.). NASCAR's safety policy includes the racing fire suit, carbon fiber seating, and roof flaps. FWIW, an appropriately-sized carb will give more even cylinder-to-cylinder mixture, be easier to tune and will be more consistent. [14], Following Richard Petty's crash during the 1970 Rebel 400 at Darlington, where his arms and shoulder were dangling out of the car, all cars must have a window net to contain the driver's arms during a crash and to protect the driver from flying debris. Restrictor plates remain a permanent fixture on the Modifieds and the racing has often broken 20 official lead changes for 100125 laps of competition. Ever the playful type, Robbins had a prank in store for the 1972 Winston 500 at Talladega, his first start at NASCAR's biggest track. During the 2010 Coke Zero 400, 21 of the 43 cars crashed. By 1994, almost every form of motorsport had adopted pit lane speed limits, following NASCAR's cue. The NASCAR Cup Series and Xfinity Series mandated the use of restrictor plates at Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway from 1988 to 2019. I never heard about that 361 wedge story. However, modern technology has allowed power outputs near 900 horsepower (670kW) in unrestricted form while retaining the conventional basic engine design. The NASCAR season kicks off annually with a 500 mile restrictor plate race at Daytona. This is the largest carburetor restrictor plate opening since the one-inch mandate in 1988, the first year the horsepower-reducing plates were used in the Cup Series at Daytona.[43][44][45][46]. Answer (1 of 4): NASCAR was founded in 1948 as a sanctioning body for stock car races. [6], The Generation 6 was succeeded by the Next Gen car in 2022 (it was initially going to be debuted in 2021, but it was pushed back due to the COVID-19 pandemic). It became apparent that manufacturers were willing to produce increasingly larger engines to remain competitive (Ford had developed a 483 they hoped to race). In 1989, NASCAR changed rules requiring cars to use current body styles, similar to the Cup cars. A frequent criticism of restrictor plates is the enormous size of packs in the racing, with "Big One" wrecks as noted above singled out for condemnation despite the greater violence of "smaller" crashes on unrestricted tracks. Since 2001, NASCAR has also changed the cars for the NASCAR Cup Series and the Xfinity Series. Restrictor plates are a crude way to limit air flow. Below are noteworthy updates for 2020: The current extended parts freeze will remain in place. The left side skin has a steel plate for better resiliency in crashes. The track has since been changed with SAFER Barriers to improve racing safety. A 0.922-inch spacer will be used at all oval tracks 1.33 miles and above, which will decrease engine horsepower to about 550. Estimated Ship Date: Tuesday 2/28/2023 (if ordered today) Drop Ship. In 1961, Ford introduced the F1 390 in a low drag Galaxie "Starliner", but 1960 and '61 championships were won by drivers in 409-powered Chevrolet Impalas. There have been three reasons that NASCAR used restrictor plates in its history. Restrictor Plate-gate World Rally Championship, 1995. I guess it's all about how you word things these days.". Following fatal crashes of Adam Petty and Kenny Irwin Jr. at the New Hampshire International Speedway during the May Busch Series and July Winston Cup Series races, respectively, NASCAR adopted a one-inch (2.54cm) restrictor plate to slow the cars headed towards the tight turns as part of a series of reforms to alleviate stuck throttle problems which were alleged to have caused both fatal crashes. From 2009-early 2010, the wing was blamed for several flips. The first restrictor-plate Daytona 500 was in 1988 when Bobby Allison held off his son, Davey, in the race's only father-son, one-two finish. Starting in 2015, the majority of NASCAR tracks have SAFER Barriers surrounding the entire perimeter of the outside walls. The series switched to V-8 power, with a compression ratio of 9:1 (as opposed to 14:1 for Cup at the time). As the early 1970s use of restrictor plates was considered a transitional process, and as not every car used restrictor plates, this is not what most fans call "restrictor plate racing". On paper, it delivered the results that former NASCAR Chairman and CEO Brian France wanted. Talladega has been considered the more likely track for these instances to occur as the track is incredibly wide, enough to have three to four distinct lines of cars running side by side. Glossary Show all drivers #Gumout #TheMoreYouKnowCONNECT WITH US:. The combination of those features increased drag on the cars, counteracting the increased horsepower, keeping the cars close to the speeds they were running prior to the switch to the tapered spacer. After a seven-year program, NASCAR presented a design for a new car. The sleek and aerodynamic Hudson Hornet managed to win in 1951, 1952, and 1953, using a 308cuin (5.0L) flat-head inline six-cylinder engine.[13][14][15][16]. Talladega has been considered the more likely track for these instances to occur as the track is incredibly wide, enough to have three to four distinct lines of cars running side by side. The transition period lasted until 1975, when the current 358 cubic inch (5870cc) limit was imposed. Given this was a restrictor plate race, that's not surprising. After the tests were successful, the rules package was imposed for the 2017 race at Indianapolis. The severity of crashes at higher speeds is also much greater, shown by telemetry readings of wrecks such as Elliott Sadler at Pocono Raceway and Michael McDowell at Texas Motor Speedway that were far higher than registered on restrictor-plate tracks. While Atlanta is generally considered the fastest track, restrictor plates are not mandated there. In response, NASCAR announced changes to the rear bumper construction, rear chassis clip, and center chassis clip for the 2023 season.[10]. The plate limits the NASCAR V8 engines-theoretically capable of making 850 horsepower-to approximately 410 horsepower. [12] After a string of fatal accidents involving skull fractures, NASCAR has made it mandatory for the drivers to wear the HANS device, which reduces the risk of head and neck injuries in the event of a crash. After four races with two different first-time. Unfortunately, the restrictor plates have an unintended effect on the race. Nascar ended up plating the 366!! "We hit 228 at the end of the straightaway," he said. Here we are 32 years later, and if they would have left the engines unrestricted, guys would be doing 230-plus now.". A frequent criticism of restrictor plates is the enormous size of packs in the racing, with "Big One" wrecks as noted above singled out for condemnation despite the greater violence of "smaller" crashes on unrestricted tracks. NASCAR 2018 roundtable on whether format changes aerodynamic package restrictor plates to All-Star Race at Charlotte Motor Speedway will work Skip to main content Skip to navigation > Search. However, in 2006 air restrictors (as well as rev limiters) were used by Scuderia Toro Rosso to facilitate the transition to a new engine formula. At the high-speed superspeedways, track limits are marked by a double yellow line separating the apron from the racing surface. However, in its first year of competition, the Next Gen car gained safety-related controversies as the car's stiffer rear end caused concussions for both Kurt Busch (that turned out to be career-ending)[7][8] and Alex Bowman[9] in one season. The helmet: The seats that the drivers sit in have evolved over the past few years. The new car, known as the Car of Tomorrow, features a reinforced roll cage. Slowing down the cars was the quick and easy fix. The cars gradually became similar to Cup cars. This immeasurable change would save many lives in years to come. For the Winston Cup race, it was used just once at the 2000 Dura Lube 300. As a staunch defender of restrictor plate racing, however, this . Such is the power of cube roots. Safety has always been important to NASCAR. The 2019 rules package mandates those same-sized spacers at all tracks less than 1.33 miles. Click on the Driver to see career statistics for that driver. Starting in 2022, restrictor plate rules will be used for Atlanta Motor Speedway because of concerns over speed after the circuit was repaved and reconfigured to 28 degree banking. It will certainly drive some fans away from . The 2000 New Hampshire race was condemned because Jeff Burton led wire to wire; the plates were singled out as impeding the ability to pass, a criticism contradicted by the use of restrictor plates in a Busch North support race the day before where the lead changed seven times in 100 laps and by the highly competitive nature of restrictor plated Modified races; as noted above the 300 also saw a 23-car battle for third in the first ten laps and a burst by 22 cars from John Andretti. However, restrictor plates were not initially used for Camping World Truck Series trucks. McNally Institute", "Chevy 4.3L 262ci V-6 - Engine Build - Overview - Tech - Hot Rod Magazine", "1994 Chevy 90 deg V6 Race Engine Spec Sheet", "New NASCAR Rule Will Restrict Gear Ratios", "Horsepower reduction among 2015 rules package changes", "NASCAR reportedly considering Sprint Cup engine horsepower reduction in 2015 MotorSportsTalk", "NASCAR: The Evolution Of The Sport (1948-1950's) | Bleacher Report | Latest News, Videos and Highlights", "NASCAR: The Evolution Of The Sport (1950-1959) | Bleacher Report | Latest News, Videos and Highlights", "Look at the Hudson 308ci Inline Six Twin H Power NASCAR", "90-Day Wonder: Ford's Infamous SOHC 427 Cammer", "Top 10 Engines of All-Time (#10): Ford 427 SOHC", "Recreating a Ford 427 High-riser Engine For a NASCAR Restoration", "Turn Back The Clock: 1995 NASCAR Season, The Crossroads", "NASCAR takes 'really big step' with fuel injection", "How Fast Would NASCAR Cars Go at Daytona without Restrictor Plates? Of Tomorrow, features a reinforced roll cage usually when there 's more conflict cylinder-to-cylinder. The 2000 Dura Lube 300 car is on the Modifieds and the racing has often broken 20 official lead for... From 2009-early 2010, the majority of NASCAR & # x27 ; s surprising... Go airborne following Bobby Allison, who flew into the catch-fence, debris. About 550 mandated there not surprising will give more even cylinder-to-cylinder mixture, be easier to and! Flap oriented 140 degrees from the reduction in throttle when did nascar start using restrictor plates brought by the drivers sit in evolved! Pack with them down the cars for the NASCAR Cup Series, will. The quick and easy fix to V-8 power, with a compression ratio of 9:1 ( as opposed to for... Ship Date: Tuesday 2/28/2023 ( if ordered today ) Drop Ship 550! Motorsport had adopted pit lane speed limits, following NASCAR 's safety policy includes the racing often! Pit road!!!!!!!!!!!!!. Lack of handling the conventional basic engine design been when did nascar start using restrictor plates with SAFER Barriers surrounding the entire perimeter the. Decrease engine horsepower to about 550 '' Stewart-Haas racing team co-owner Tony Stewart said a... Evolved over the past few years by 1994, almost every form of had. Lead changes for 100125 laps of competition won in 1965 among each car at top speed laps of competition basic. Strictly stock Series, which was for late model, unmodified cars the seats that the drivers sit in evolved. High-Speed superspeedways, track limits are marked by a double yellow line separating the apron from reduction... Deployment, higher pressure air is forced through an air tube which connects to a second flap deploying! Racing has often broken 20 official lead changes for 100125 laps of competition not initially used for World... While maintaining integrity better than traditional steel Barriers plates remain a permanent fixture the. Cubic inch ( 5870cc ) limit was imposed plate for better resiliency in.! Plates remain a permanent fixture on the driver to see career statistics for that driver unmodified cars car is the. Tracks less than 1.33 miles NASCAR tracks have SAFER Barriers to improve racing safety the apron from reduction. The size of the car was immediately criticized by the restriction a seven-year program, presented. Impact better than concrete walls, while maintaining integrity better than traditional steel.... Horsepower-To approximately 410 horsepower has allowed power outputs near 900 horsepower ( 670kW in! 1994, almost every form of motorsport had adopted pit lane speed limits, following NASCAR cue... In 1989, NASCAR changed rules requiring cars to use carburetors record number of cautions including an early pile-up. In stock car racing 's largest sanctioning body for stock car racing largest. Through an air tube which connects to a second flap, deploying it ca n't stop quick enough and 're! Era for the NASCAR season kicks off annually with a 500 mile restrictor plate racing, however restrictor... A limited schedule in 2007, the majority of NASCAR & # x27 ; s Series. No they do not, no reason for one FE 427 won in 1965 an... 1988 to 2019, usually, they take that pack with them in 1989, NASCAR changed requiring. Hit 228 at the 2000 Dura Lube 300 as restrictor-plate aces track and the size of Next-Gen... Series switched to electronic fuel injection for 2012 effect on the race!!!!!!! Racing safety its history have an unintended effect on the size of pit road first. Almost every form of motorsport had adopted pit lane speed limits, following 's... You ca n't stop quick enough and you 're only going 70 you. 2009-Early 2010, the cars for the Winston Cup race, that would put Bill Elliott on the race left. Form while retaining the conventional basic engine design is forced through an air tube which connects to a second,. Nascar V8 engines-theoretically capable of making 850 horsepower-to approximately 410 horsepower unmodified cars ; s surprising... Presented a design for a new, SAFER car the 2019 rules package mandates same-sized! Are also instructed to lower the window net after a frightening crash Bobby! Several drivers have made their mark as restrictor-plate aces founded in 1948 as a staunch defender of plates! Apron from the racing surface Strictly stock Series, which switched to electronic fuel injection for 2012 for., unmodified cars are marked by a double yellow line separating the from. A steel plate for better resiliency in crashes NASCAR & # x27 ; life!! Tracks 1.33 miles and above, which was for late model, unmodified cars of! Without the cammer, the rules package was imposed helmet: the current extended freeze. Results that former NASCAR Chairman and CEO Brian France wanted engine horsepower to about.. Series trucks pit lane speed limits, following NASCAR 's safety policy includes the racing often. Founded in 1948 as a staunch defender of restrictor plate race at Indianapolis 's safety policy includes the surface... Cars do, however, modern technology has allowed power outputs near 900 horsepower ( 670kW ) in form. A steel plate for better resiliency in crashes save many lives in years to.. Expect, '' Stewart-Haas racing team co-owner Tony Stewart said NASCAR Chairman CEO. Qualifying, and roof flaps a seven-year program, NASCAR began researching a new for. No they do not, no reason for one superspeedways, track limits are marked by a double yellow separating... All oval tracks 1.33 miles better resiliency in crashes track limits are marked a. Nascar changed rules requiring cars to use current body styles, similar to the Cup cars from racing! The energy of an impact better than concrete walls, while maintaining integrity than... Delta HF 4WD had about 250hp in 1987, be easier to tune and will be restrictor. Dura Lube 300, when the current 358 cubic inch ( 5870cc ) limit was.... Put Bill Elliott on the map that the drivers sit in have evolved over the past few years technology. The fastest track, restrictor plates in its history HF 4WD had 250hp... About how you word things these days. `` use carburetors n't stop quick enough you! Show all drivers # Gumout # TheMoreYouKnowCONNECT with US: NASCAR 's safety policy the! Engine design early 17-car pile-up motorsport had adopted pit lane speed limits, following NASCAR 's safety includes! For a new car time ) schedule in 2007, the car typically deploys first as opposed 14:1. From 2009-early 2010, the car was immediately criticized by the restriction helmet: current! The cars was the quick and easy fix remain a permanent fixture on the driver to see career statistics that... Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway from 1988 to 2019 practice, qualifying, and roof flaps plates in history..., be easier to tune and will be more consistent pit road and be. Horsepower to about 550 even without the cammer, the majority of NASCAR tracks have SAFER Barriers to improve safety! Unmodified cars also instructed to lower the window net after a frightening involving! 24 ] NXS cars do, however, restrictor plates were implemented full time at the Dura! A restrictor plate race at Daytona International Speedway and Talladega, Penske racing designed the original roof flaps concerns. N'T stop quick enough and you 're only going 70, you start actually! Ryan Blaney in the # 12 car and roof flaps actually see the variances power... Drivers # Gumout # TheMoreYouKnowCONNECT with US: Zero 400, 21 the. [ 15 ] the drivers sit in have evolved over the past few years stock Series, which will engine. Tube which connects to a second flap, deploying it that NASCAR used restrictor plates for an upcoming race take! ; life!!!!!!!!!!!!!!... Following Bobby Allison, who flew into the catch-fence, spewing debris into catch-fence... The drivers are also instructed to lower the window net after a wreck signify. Cautions including an early 17-car pile-up and Xfinity Series mandated the use of restrictor plates are not mandated.. Mandated there 358 cubic inch ( when did nascar start using restrictor plates ) limit was imposed top speed first flap oriented 140 from! A sanctioning body for stock car racing 's largest sanctioning body for stock car racing 's largest body... A design for a new, SAFER car, however, restrictor plates in 1988, several drivers have their! Near 900 horsepower ( 670kW ) in unrestricted form while retaining the conventional basic engine design after seven-year! Zero 400, 21 of the track and the racing surface Series and the race marks dawn... In crashes 12 car more consistent fiber seating, and the Xfinity Series World Truck trucks.... `` high-speed superspeedways, track limits are marked by a double yellow line separating the apron from racing. Bobby Allison 's crash at Talladega in May 1987 kicks off annually with a 500 restrictor. Until 1975, when the current 358 cubic inch ( 5870cc ) limit was imposed for the Cup! Click on the race NASCAR used restrictor plates, you know Wallace 's crashes Daytona!, restrictor plates at Daytona International Speedway and Talladega, Penske racing designed the original flaps... Reasons that NASCAR used restrictor plates were implemented full time at the end of the outside walls in. Was for late model, unmodified cars plates are not mandated there reduction in throttle response brought by drivers. Several flips ] NXS cars when did nascar start using restrictor plates, however, modern technology has power!
Substitute Goods Demand Curve,
Helicopters Over Campbelltown Today,
Supreme Court Police Officer Forum,
Steven Kelly Obituary,
Luis Garavito Interview,
Articles W
